Extended Reality for Neuraxial Procedures: A Scoping Review

Extended reality (XR) technology, encompassing augmented reality, mixed reality, and virtual reality, has the potential to enhance the teaching and performance of neuraxial procedures. The diverse applications of XR include immersive simulations and novel modes of procedural navigation.

This scoping review aims to explore the varied applications of XR for neuraxial procedures while suggesting directions for future research.

A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar until December 2023. Additional sources were identified via citation searching of relevant articles. The findings are reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).

A total of 42 studies, including three pending clinical trials were included. Most included studies were published after 2015. XR technology was applied in diverse ways for simulation (n = 24), navigation (n = 17), and teleconsultation (n = 1), but only five of the completed studies described use in direct patient care. For the display of visuals, computer screens were most commonly used, followed by head-mounted devices, laser projectors, and semi-transparent mirrors.

Interest in using XR technology for neuraxial procedures is growing. Preliminary work shows promise for this technology in both education and clinical practice, but achieving accurate image registration without disrupting existing workflows remains an ongoing barrier to clinical testing. Additional research is needed to assess the cost-effectiveness and reliability of this technology.