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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

The CryoAPEX Method for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Membrane Protein Localization Within Ultrastructurally-Preserved Cells
Published on: February 27, 2020
Immunocytochemical detection of proteins within cellular structures inaccessible to specific antibodies
Maria A Tikhomirova1,2, Anastasia A Zharikova3, Yana R Musinova1,2,4
1Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
Abstract:
Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry are among the most widely used and valuable methods for localizing and quantifying proteins in cells and tissues. However, these methods have several limitations, and they are still being improved. A notable problem in this area is the restricted accessibility of some dense intracellular structures, such as nucleoli, to specific antibodies. This reduced accessibility led to peripheral staining of the nucleoli even in cases of relatively homogeneous distribution of the antigen within the nucleoli. This review aims to elucidate the factors impeding antibody accessibility to the internal regions of the nucleolus in somatic cells and nucleolus-like bodies in oocytes and to explore the methods used to circumvent this limitation.
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