Thorough formalin fixation confers a protective effect for histochemical and immunohistochemical testing on tissues...

Tissue under- and over-processing in the histology laboratory, while decreasing in frequency, is still a valid concern and typically results from user or instrument error. This study evaluated the effects of extended exposure of histological tissues to processing reagents on specimen quality, including embedding, microtomy, histochemical staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). All specimens were fixed in neutral buffered formalin for 3-5 weeks prior to processing except for a subset of organs which underwent prolonged fixation for 1 year. Although overprocessing is traditionally associated with tissue hardening, brittleness, and shrinkage, these effects are often noted when fixation timing is not clearly defined. To simulate processing delays, specimens were subjected to an additional 24 h in absolute ethanol, xylene, molten paraffin, or a heated embedding station. Extended exposure to these reagents did not result in observable morphologic changes. Embedding quality, microtomy performance, and histochemical staining were consistent across all experimental conditions. Additionally, IHC antigenicity was largely preserved under most conditions. However, reduced or absent immunoreactivity was observed in select markers in organs fixed for 1 year, consistent with prior reports of fixation-related antigen masking and deterioration of antigenic sites. Unexpectedly, extended exposure to ethanol, xylene, or paraffin did not independently compromise IHC performance in adequately fixed specimens.