Recognizing autonomous driving disengagement scenarios using the transferable knowledge from human driver's EEG...

Without human participation in driving operations, the adoption of autonomous driving (AD) technology greatly enhances driving safety by reducing human errors. Even though AD can handle common scenarios properly, some exceptions still call for the human takeover with AD failing to engage due to the incomprehensible or intensely conflict situations that rarely occur. To help AD understand and recognize the disengagement scenarios effectively, this paper incorporates the human electroencephalogram (EEG) cognitive data into modeling and proposes a transfer learning framework to let AD absorb the integrative knowledge from the manual driving (MD). Several disengagement scenarios are designed using a driving simulator and EEG data are collected from both "drivers" in MD and "supervisors" in AD. A conditional maximum mean discrepancy (CMMD) function is introduced to identify the common brain activity characteristics, allowing the recognition model to be transferred from the cognitively demanding domain of MD to the less demanding domain of AD. The results indicate that the proposed model can achieve an 80 % recognition rate for typical disengagement scenarios, such as static obstacles, intersection conflict and vehicle cut-in, using only 30 % of AD training labels. The transferable common feature space from EEG data improves the recognition accuracy by 21.2 % compared with the model only using AD domain data. By accurately recognizing the type of disengagement scenarios, the AD system can activate appropriate safety mechanisms or provide more explicit takeover prompts, which could effectively reduce the risk of accidents due to delayed or incorrect takeovers.