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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Photosystems01:32

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A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry
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The chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex: evolutionary considerations.

Toshiharu Shikanai1, Hideaki Ieda1, Yukihiro Kobayashi1,2

  • 1Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiewake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.

Plant & Cell Physiology
|May 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex is vital for photosynthesis in land plants. Its evolutionary loss in some species is compensated by alternative pathways, highlighting its importance in harsh light conditions.

Keywords:
NDH complexchloroplastevolutionmonocotsphotosynthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Photosynthesis research
  • Plant molecular biology
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • The chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex mediates cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI).
  • It evolved from cyanobacteria and forms a supercomplex with PSI in angiosperms.
  • NDH-deficient mutants show impaired PSI oxidation under fluctuating light.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of the NDH-PSI supercomplex.
  • To summarize the evolutionary loss of the NDH complex in angiosperms.
  • To investigate NDH complex loss in monocotyledonous plants.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of evolutionary studies.
  • Comparative analysis of NDH complex presence/absence across plant lineages.
  • Focus on monocotyledonous plants, particularly Orchidaceae and Alismatales.

Main Results:

  • The NDH complex has been lost in specific lineages of algae, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
  • Loss is compensated by alternative mechanisms like PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 or Flavodiiron proteins (Flv).
  • In monocots, NDH loss is rare, mainly in Orchidaceae and submerged aquatic plants in Alismatales.

Conclusions:

  • The NDH complex is crucial for optimal photosynthesis in terrestrial angiosperms under high light.
  • Evolutionary loss of NDH is linked to the early loss of Flv genes in some angiosperm lineages.
  • Alternative mechanisms ensure photosynthetic function when NDH is absent.