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Capacitors and Capacitance

Capacitors and Capacitance

A device consisting of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance and used to store electrical charges is called a capacitor. The space between the conductors is either a vacuum or an insulating material, called a dielectric. Capacitors have many applications, ranging from filtering static from radio reception to energy storage in heart defibrillators.
When the conductors are two identical parallel plates, it is called a parallel plate capacitor. When battery terminals are...

Equivalent Capacitance

Equivalent Capacitance

Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
The following strategies are adopted to calculate...

Capacitor With A Dielectric

Capacitor With A Dielectric

Parallel plate capacitors consist of two conducting plates separated by a certain distance. However, it is mechanically difficult to hold the large plates parallel to each other without actual contact. Hence, a dielectric layer is commonly placed between the plates, which provides an easy solution for holding the plates together with a small gap and increases the capacitance of the capacitor.
Dielectrics are non-conducting materials with no free or loosely bound electrons. When a dielectric is...

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

Equivalent Capacitance

Equivalent Capacitance

From the study of resistive circuits, it is understood that employing a series-parallel combination serves as an effective strategy for simplifying circuits. Capacitors can be arranged within a circuit in one of two ways: a series configuration or a parallel configuration. The way these capacitors are connected to a battery will influence both the potential drop across each individual capacitor and the size of the charge that each capacitor can store. This is determined by the specific type of...

MOS Capacitor

MOS Capacitor

A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
The metal gate is typically made from highly conductive materials such as aluminum or polysilicon. Beneath the metal gate lies a thin layer of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Published on: December 27, 2017

Wide-detection-range, highly-sensitive, environmental-friendly and flexible cellulose-based capacitive humidity

Cheng Huang¹, Junhao Chen², Yingao Zhang²

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China; Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.

Carbohydrate Polymers

|May 18, 2025

Summary

This study developed a flexible, eco-friendly humidity sensor using cellulose, MXene, and sodium polyacrylate. The novel sensor offers high sensitivity and a wide detection range for applications in wearable electronics and health monitoring.

Keywords:

Cellulose Humidity sensor Sensitivity Wide-detection range

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Sensitivity Enhancement of Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using a Solvent Evaporation-Based Porosity Control Technique

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Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

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Published on: December 27, 2017

Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarkers by Using a Molecular Imprinting Based Capacitive Biosensor

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Published on: February 16, 2018

Sensitivity Enhancement of Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using a Solvent Evaporation-Based Porosity Control Technique

Sensitivity Enhancement of Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using a Solvent Evaporation-Based Porosity Control Technique

Published on: March 24, 2023

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Sensor Technology
Environmental Science

Background:

Humidity sensors are crucial for various applications, including wearable electronics.
Existing sensors often lack sufficient sensitivity and detection range.
There is a need for flexible, environmentally friendly humidity sensing solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a highly sensitive, flexible, and environmentally friendly humidity sensor.
To achieve a wide detection range and low hysteresis.
To explore potential applications in health monitoring.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a humidity sensor using cellulose, MXene, and sodium polyacrylate via vacuum filtration and impregnation.
Characterization of the sensor's performance, including detection range, sensitivity, and hysteresis.
Evaluation of the sensor's ability to monitor breathing patterns.

Main Results:

The sensor demonstrated a wide detection range (10% RH to 90% RH) and low hysteresis (1.42%).
High sensitivity was achieved, with values of 2.11 pF/%RH and 60.97 pF/%RH in different ranges.
The sensor successfully distinguished breathing patterns and rates for non-contact and contact sensing.

Conclusions:

The developed sensor offers enhanced sensitivity and a broad detection range, overcoming limitations of existing technologies.
The combination of cellulose, MXene, and sodium polyacrylate provides a promising platform for flexible, eco-friendly capacitive humidity sensors.
Potential applications in health monitoring highlight the sensor's versatility and practical utility.