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Updated: May 20, 2025

Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Published on: March 9, 2018
Practical Applications of Secondary/Extractive Electrospray Ionization (SESI): A Versatile Tool for Real-Time
Xin Luo1, Huiling Wang1, Xiaolan Hu1
1College of Environment and Climate, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Speed Capability Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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In the 1980s, researchers discovered the remarkable ability of electrospray plumes to effectively ionize gas-phase molecules via secondary ionization. Around 20 years later-coinciding with the ambient mass spectrometry revolution-secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) and extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) coupled to mass spectrometry were revisited and further developed to analyze complex mixtures of gas and aerosol samples in real-time yet with high sensitivity. During the past two decades, these mass spectrometric techniques have been applied across a broad range of applications, such as the detection of illicit drugs, environmental aerosol analysis, and a series of metabolomic studies through the analysis of volatiles emitted from living organisms. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the progress of SESI and EESI applications since their emergence. Finally, we discuss the opportunities, challenges, along with future directions of SESI and EESI techniques.
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