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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Chemical Affinity-Based Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Biofluids for Proteomics and Phosphoproteomics Analysis
09:28

Chemical Affinity-Based Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Biofluids for Proteomics and Phosphoproteomics Analysis

Published on: October 27, 2023

Mass Spectrometry Insights Into Post-Translational Modifications in Extracellular Vesicles.

Dávid Virág1, Krisztián Márk Karvaly1, Alexandra Molnár1,2

  • 1MTA-HUN-REN TTK Lendület (Momentum) Glycan Biomarker Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.

Mass Spectrometry Reviews
|June 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for cell communication. This review explores how post-translational modifications (PTMs) on EV proteins, analyzed by mass spectrometry, impact EV function and disease.

Keywords:
extracellular vesiclesglycosylationmass spectrometryphosphorylationpost‐translational modificationsproteomics

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication, impacting health and disease.
  • Understanding EV molecular composition is key for biomarker and therapeutic applications.
  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) significantly alter protein function within EVs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis of PTMs in EVs.
  • To discuss the biological roles of various PTMs in EV function.
  • To highlight challenges and future directions in EV PTM research.

Main Methods:

  • Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics.
  • Analysis of specific PTMs: glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, lipidation, SUMOylation.
  • Multiomic data integration and single-EV characterization.

Main Results:

  • PTMs critically influence EV biogenesis, cargo sorting, and uptake.
  • EV isolation methods impact PTM analysis outcomes.
  • Key PTMs like phosphorylation and glycosylation are vital for EV biology.

Conclusions:

  • MS-based PTM analysis is essential for understanding EV biology and applications.
  • Addressing methodological challenges is crucial for accurate EV PTM profiling.
  • Future research should focus on multiomic integration and single-EV analysis for deeper insights.