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Related Concept Videos

Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Updated: May 21, 2025

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
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Embedding a commitment to equitable global access into basic and early-phase translational research.

Barry S Coller1

  • 1Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science
|May 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted healthcare inequities. This review proposes integrating an equity lens into early-stage research, focusing on patenting and licensing strategies to ensure global access to new medical technologies.

Keywords:
Technology transferhealth equitylicensemanufacturingpatent

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Area of Science:

  • Translational research
  • Health equity
  • Intellectual property management

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant global inequities in healthcare access and technology.
  • There is a growing need to apply an equity lens across all facets of healthcare research and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an initiative at Rockefeller University promoting global equitable access to research discoveries.
  • To focus on patenting and licensing strategies for early-phase translational research.
  • To provide guidance for inventors on maximizing global access to new technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing practices in patenting and licensing.
  • Development of a framework for considering equitable global access.
  • Formulation of key questions for inventors and technology transfer officers.

Main Results:

  • Identified patenting and licensing as a critical aspect of ensuring equitable access.
  • Proposed ten questions for inventors to consider during technology licensing discussions.
  • Emphasized the importance of addressing equity from the earliest stages of basic research.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating an equity lens into translational research is crucial for addressing global health disparities.
  • Strategic patenting and licensing are essential for facilitating the dissemination of new medical technologies.
  • Proactive planning is necessary to ensure equitable access to innovations in low- and middle-income countries.