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Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Mental Health Outcomes in Frontline Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19

Marieke Arts-de Jong¹, Dirk E M Geurts^2,3, Philip Spinhoven⁴

¹Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. marieke.arts-dejong@outlook.com.

Journal of General Internal Medicine

|May 19, 2025

Abstract

Background:

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the mental health of frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), but solid evidence on psychological interventions for HCWs remains limited.

Objective:

Whether an adjusted therapist-assisted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction group intervention (adjusted MBSR) is superior to a minimal self-guided mindfulness-based intervention (self-guided MBI) in improving mental health of HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Participants:

201 frontline HCWs (47 physicians, 120 nurses, 34 supporting staff); enrollment between June 2020 and September 2021.

Interventions:

A 4-week adjusted MBSR with eight biweekly 1.5-h sessions; or a 4-week self-guided MBI with 24 mindfulness/compassion exercises.

Measures:

Primary outcome was the Patient Health Questionnaire - Somatic, Anxiety and Depressive Symptom Scales (PHQ-SADS) at 6-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included posttraumatic symptoms, insomnia, alcohol use, repetitive negative thinking, mental well-being, posttraumatic growth, mindfulness, and self-compassion at post-intervention and 3- and 6-month follow-up.

Key Results:

At 6-month follow-up, the adjusted MBSR was not superior to the self-guided MBI (mean difference (SE) PHQ-SADS, 0.23 (1.03), P=0.82). Both interventions showed similar within-group improvement in PHQ-SADS (Cohen's d between baseline and 6-month follow-up: adjusted MBSR -0.78 (95% CI -1.07; -0.48), self-guided MBI -0.72 (95% CI -1.01; -0.43)). Secondary outcomes showed that symptom trajectories differed between groups for PHQ-SADS (intervention*time F(3, 420)=3.99, P=0.008), with greater reduction at post-intervention for adjusted MBSR, and posttraumatic growth (intervention*time F(3, 350)=5.32, P=0.001), with exclusive increase post-intervention in adjusted MBSR. Both interventions showed comparable significant within-group improvements on posttraumatic symptoms, insomnia, repetitive negative thinking, mental well-being, mindfulness, and self-compassion.

Conclusions:

The adjusted MSBR was not superior to the self-guided MBI; both were accompanied by significant reductions of depressive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms after 4 weeks of treatment which was sustained at 6-month follow-up. Further research is needed to investigate the possible role of MBIs to support HCWs involved in future healthcare crises.

Trial Registration:

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04720404; onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en NL73793.091.20.

Keywords:

COVID-19 pandemic MBSR frontline healthcare workers mental health mindfulness-based intervention

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