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Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the human gut resistome show gender differences, particularly in high-income countries. These variations emerge in adulthood, impacting global antibiotic resistance patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health threat.
  • The human gut resistome's distribution across socio-demographics, especially gender, is poorly understood.
  • Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are key components of the resistome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gender-based differences in the human gut resistome.
  • To analyze ARG distribution across global socio-economic gradients.
  • To understand how resistomes differentiate between men and women.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 14,641 publicly available human gut metagenomes.
  • Comparison of ARG load between women and men globally.
  • Statistical adjustment for socio-demographic covariates.

Main Results:

  • A 9% higher total ARG load was observed in women compared to men in high-income countries.
  • In low- and middle-income countries, the gender difference in ARG load was reversed in univariate models but not significant after covariate adjustment.
  • Gender-based differences in ARG load emerged in adulthood.

Conclusions:

  • Global human gut resistomes exhibit gender-specific patterns.
  • Socio-economic status and gender interact to influence ARG distribution.
  • Findings highlight the need for gender-informed approaches in AMR research and interventions.