Viral Challenges in Wheat: Comprehensive Diagnosis and Innovative Management Approaches

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple crop cultivated globally, providing essential nutrition to billions. However, viral diseases pose a major challenge, causing yield losses of up to 80% and significant economic damage. More than 50 distinct viruses infect wheat, with key threats including wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs), high plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV), soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV), and wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV). These viruses are primarily transmitted by vectors such as wheat curl mites (Aceria tosichella), aphids, and soilborne fungi like Polymyxa graminis. Diagnosing wheat viral infections is challenging due to overlapping symptoms with other plant stresses and the microscopic nature of viruses. Recent advancements in molecular and serological diagnostics, including Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), RT-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), CRISPR-based detection, and biosensors, have improved virus identification and monitoring. Since chemical treatments are ineffective, integrated management strategies such as breeding virus-resistant varieties, controlling vector populations, adjusting cultural practices, and utilizing RNA interference (RNAi) are essential for mitigating disease spread. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of wheat viral diseases, focusing on cutting-edge diagnostic tools and sustainable management approaches. By addressing knowledge gaps and highlighting future research directions, it aims to support the development of virus-resistant wheat, ensuring global food security.