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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

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The progressive evolution of cold-adapted species.

John R Stewart1, Inger G Alsos2, Antony G Brown3

  • 1Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution
|May 20, 2025
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Summary

Cold-adapted terrestrial species evolved in two phases: genera in the Pliocene-Pleistocene, and modern species after the Middle Pleistocene Transition. Palaeogenetics reveals evolutionary timings and modes for these cold-adapted species.

Keywords:
Milankovitch cyclesPleistoceneadaptationbirdsborealclimatemammalstundra

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Palaeontology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cold-adapted terrestrial species exhibit distinct evolutionary histories.
  • Understanding the timing and mechanisms of adaptation to cold environments is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the evolutionary phases of cold-adapted terrestrial species.
  • To investigate the processes driving their adaptation.
  • To highlight the role of palaeogenetics in evolutionary studies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of fossil records and phylogenetic data.
  • Application of palaeogenetic techniques to study ancient DNA.
  • Comparative analysis of evolutionary rates across taxa.

Main Results:

  • Two primary evolutionary phases identified: Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene (genera) and Middle Pleistocene Transition onwards (modern species).
  • Adaptation occurred via migration from temperate zones, in situ evolution, or montane preadaptation.
  • Palaeogenetics provides insights into the timing of evolution and trait development.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of cold-adapted species is characterized by distinct temporal phases and multiple adaptive processes.
  • Palaeogenetics is a powerful tool for resolving evolutionary histories and testing hypotheses about morphological stasis versus change.