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Related Concept Videos

The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

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Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
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Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains—Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as Salmonella and E. coli, while the Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh environments, such as volcanic springs.
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The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

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Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of...
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Photosystem I01:27

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Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Photosystems01:32

Photosystems

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Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
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What would a hypothetical supercyanobacterium look like?

Ondrej Pencik1, Martina Kolackova2, Katarina Molnarova2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého třída 1946/1, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.

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Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, show promise for biotechnology applications like climate change mitigation and biopharmaceutical production. Engineering these microorganisms could lead to a

Keywords:
CRISPR systemsRM systemsbiotechnologycarbon fixationcarbon fixingcyanobacteriaphotosynthesispolyploidysynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Advances in molecular and microbiological methods have expanded the use of microorganisms in biotechnology.
  • Phototrophic bacteria, particularly cyanobacteria, are increasingly recognized for their potential in addressing climate change and producing biopharmaceuticals.
  • Traditional microbial workhorses like Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis are widely used, but cyanobacteria present unique advantages and challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in the genetic engineering of cyanobacteria.
  • To highlight the unique characteristics of cyanobacteria relevant to biotechnology, including complex gene regulation, protein handling, and symbiotic capabilities.
  • To propose a future vision for an engineered 'supercyanobacterium'.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on cyanobacterial engineering.
  • Analysis of unique biological features of cyanobacteria (photosynthesis, carbon fixation, secretion).
  • Exploration of potential applications in biotechnology and climate change mitigation.

Main Results:

  • Cyanobacteria possess complex genetic regulation tied to photosynthesis and carbon fixation.
  • They have sophisticated protein sorting and secretion systems.
  • Cyanobacteria can form novel symbiotic partnerships.
  • Engineering efforts are advancing their utility in biotechnology.

Conclusions:

  • Cyanobacteria offer unique advantages over traditional microbial hosts for biotechnology.
  • Overcoming challenges in their complex biology is key to unlocking their full potential.
  • The development of an engineered 'supercyanobacterium' could revolutionize heterotrophy-dominated biotechnology.