Larger brains and relatively smaller cerebella in Asian elephants compared with African savanna elephants

Elephants are the largest terrestrial animals, but our knowledge of their brains is limited. We studied brain size, proportions, and development in Asian (Elephas maximus) and African savanna (Loxodonta africana) elephants. Specifically, we weighed, photographed, and analyzed postmortem magnetic resonance scans of elephant brains in addition to collecting elephant brain data from the literature. Despite their smaller body size, adult Asian female elephants have substantially and significantly heavier brains (mean 5,346 ± 916 g SD) than adult African savanna female elephants (mean 4,417 ± 593 g SD). In line with their larger body size, adult African savanna male elephants (mean 5,603 ± 1,159 g SD) have significantly heavier brains than African female elephants; the brain weight of the adult male Asian elephant remains unclear. Elephant brain weight increases ∼3-fold postnatally. This postnatal increase is similar to that of the human brain but is larger than that seen in nonhuman primates. Asian elephants likely have more cerebral cortical gray matter than African ones; their cerebellum is relatively smaller (19.1% of total brain weight) than in African elephants (22.3%). Our data indicate a higher degree of encephalization in Asian than in African savanna elephants. The massive postnatal brain growth of elephants is likely related to prolonged adolescence and the important role of experience in elephant life history.