Recent advances in improving yield and immunity through transcription factor engineering

Transcription factors (TFs) function as master regulators in multiple signaling pathways and govern diverse developmental and adaptive processes in plants. Some TFs identified in crop plants play critical roles in regulating yield through changes in plant architecture, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and grains. Although altering crop architecture can increase yields, the extent of yield enhancement is frequently hampered by diseases. Developing new crop varieties with improved yields and enhanced disease resistance remains challenging because immune system activation often impairs plant growth. Recently, approaches using TF engineering have made substantial progress in elevating both growth performance and disease resistance. However, most of these techniques rely on traditional transgenic methods. This review highlights discoveries in the last decade demonstrating improvements in growth performance, yield and immunity through TF engineering. We focus mainly on changes in plant architecture related to improved yield and disease resistance. We conclude with perspectives on the potential application of these discoveries for generating desirable crop traits by merging the most noteworthy biotechnology approaches, such as clustered regularly interspaced small palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9-mediated genome editing, with canonical molecular biology.