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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal proteins with higher tensile strength and flexibility than microfilaments and microtubules. Unlike the other two cytoskeletal proteins, intermediate filament formation lacks the enzymatic activity to hydrolyze nucleotides like ATP and GTP to generate energy for polymerization. Therefore, the formation of intermediate filaments is multistep self-assembly. The involvement of any accessory proteins in intermediate filament formation has not yet been...
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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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WovenEndoBridge-assisted coiling: Step-by-step technical insights.

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The WEB-assisted coiling technique simplifies treating large ruptured wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms (WNBAs). This method uses the WovenEndoBridge (WEB) device to aid coiling, offering a less invasive approach for complex cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Endovascular neurosurgery
  • Cerebrovascular disease management

Background:

  • Wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms (WNBAs) pose significant treatment challenges.
  • The WovenEndoBridge (WEB) device is effective for WNBAs but often insufficient for large aneurysms (≥10 mm).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe and demonstrate the WEB-assisted coiling technique for treating large ruptured WNBAs.
  • To highlight the potential of this technique in acute settings and subsequent elective management.

Main Methods:

  • The technique involves deploying the WEB device as a scaffold to facilitate coil embolization of the aneurysm sac.
  • A case example details catheterization, WEB deployment, and subsequent coiling of a large basilar tip aneurysm.

Main Results:

  • The WEB-assisted coiling technique allows for the treatment of large WNBAs where the WEB device alone may be inadequate.
  • This approach simplifies acute treatment without immediate need for neck remodeling or dual anti-aggregation.

Conclusions:

  • WEB-assisted coiling is a viable adjunct for treating large ruptured WNBAs, especially when neck anatomy precludes other methods.
  • This technique may facilitate elective management with dual anti-aggregation and stenting post-embolization.