Advances in nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis, are a growing healthcare challenge due to their impact on quality of life and the difficulty in treating them. These disorders are associated with brain lesions and barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), that impede effective treatment. Nanotechnology, especially functionalized nanoparticles (NPs), is emerging as a promising tool for overcoming these barriers. Nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), show potential for targeted drug and gene delivery to the brain, enhancing bioavailability, circulation time, and treatment efficacy. Nanocarrier-based systems have demonstrated success in protecting nucleic acids from degradation, improving BBB penetration, and delivering genetic material to target specific brain areas. Exosomes and artificial vesicles also hold promise for their size and biocompatibility. Gold nanoparticles are gaining attention for their neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, particularly in treating Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and stroke. These systems can modify gene expression and address the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. In addition to drug delivery, noninvasive strategies like intranasal administration are being explored to enhance patient adherence. However, challenges remain, including regulatory hurdles and the need for further research to optimize these technologies. As research advances, the synergy between materials science, bioengineering, and medicine will pave the way for more effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study is to explore the potential of functionalized NPs in overcoming the BBB and improving targeted drug delivery for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.