[The Bidirectional relationship between chronic pain and traumatic life events : Mechanisms and therapeutic...

There is a close bidirectional relationship between chronic pain and psychological trauma disorders, which frequently results in more intense suffering and greater impairment for those affected. This article elucidates the intricate interrelationships between chronic pain, early childhood stress, and traumatic experiences as well as the underlying neurobiological, neuroimmunological and psychosocial mechanisms. Early childhood trauma, such as abuse or neglect, has a significant impact on individuals during particularly vulnerable phases of development, leading to long-lasting changes at various levels. The influence of trauma on pain perception is twofold: it increases the prevalence of chronic pain and intensifies pain and suffering. Therapeutically, interventions that target the hyperactive threat system and strengthen the hypoactive soothing system are essential. The article discusses evidence-based models of pain-trauma interaction and presents therapeutic approaches such as Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), Emotional Awareness and Expression Therapy (EAET), and psychodynamic interventions that are promising in the treatment of trauma-associated chronic pain.