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Endometrial cancer (EC) is linked to specific gut and vaginal microbiome changes. Beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus were depleted, while harmful bacteria like Anaerococcus were enriched in EC patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Gynecologic oncology
  • Cancer etiology

Background:

  • The human microbiome plays a crucial role in cancer development, particularly in estrogen-driven cancers like endometrial cancer (EC).
  • Understanding the interplay between the microbiome and EC is vital for developing novel prevention and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in vaginal and rectal microbiome composition and function between women with and without endometrial cancer.
  • To identify specific microbial signatures associated with endometrial cancer and its histological grade.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing data from vaginal and rectal samples of 192 women using the QIIME 2 platform.
  • Comparison of microbial community structures and networks between EC patients and controls, adjusting for risk factors.
  • Putative microbial metabolic pathway analysis to assess functional differences.

Main Results:

  • Distinct microbial compositions and networks were identified in women with EC.
  • Depletion of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus in the vagina; Prevotella, Peptoniphilus in the rectum) and enrichment of detrimental bacteria (e.g., Anaerococcus, Porphyromonas in the vagina; Buttiaxella in the rectum) were observed in EC.
  • Shared bacterial features between rectal and vaginal sites were noted in EC, with vaginal Lactobacillus abundance potentially reducing this cross-site sharing. Dysregulated amino acid, carbohydrate, and hormone metabolism were identified.

Conclusions:

  • The vaginal and rectal microbiomes exhibit distinct alterations in endometrial cancer.
  • Specific microbial shifts and metabolic dysregulations are associated with EC, highlighting the microbiome's role in its pathogenesis.
  • Targeting the microbiome may offer new avenues for EC prevention and therapy.