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Spatial distribution patterns and formation of global spermatophytes.

Xian-Han Huang1,2, Tao Deng1,2, Jun-Tong Chen1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology
|May 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spatial evolution of seed plants (spermatophytes) was studied using machine learning. Seed plants originated from Gondwana, with distinct formation times and routes for cosmopolitan, tropical, and temperate elements.

Keywords:
K‐means clusteringSpermatophyte Spatial Evolutionary Systemdistribution centerformation mechanismformation timeorigin location

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Area of Science:

  • Botany
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biogeography

Background:

  • The evolutionary history of seed plants (spermatophytes) is well-documented temporally, but their spatial evolution remains understudied.
  • A taxon-based approach to spatial evolution is critical for understanding global plant distribution patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct a Spermatophyte Spatial Evolutionary System (SSES) classifying global spermatophytes.
  • To analyze the spatial evolutionary patterns and drivers of spermatophyte distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated geographic distributions and origin locations of 429 spermatophyte families.
  • Applied unsupervised machine learning to classify distribution types and supertypes.
  • Analyzed floristic elements (cosmopolitan, tropical, temperate) based on origin and formation.

Main Results:

  • Classified global spermatophytes into 18 distribution types and six supertypes within three floristic elements.
  • Found primary origin from Gondwana, with temperate elements being oldest and cosmopolitan youngest.
  • Identified Tertiary period (Eocene-Miocene) as key formation time, driven by climate, dispersal, and tectonics.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial evolution of spermatophytes is influenced by comparable formation processes and mechanisms.
  • Similar distribution patterns arise from shared evolutionary drivers across floristic elements, supertypes, and types.
  • Novel insights into global spermatophyte spatial evolution and distribution drivers were provided.