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Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Blind Procedures

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...

Blinding

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.

Obedience

Obedience

According to obedience research, we may harm others under the forceful pressures of an authority figure (Milgram, 1974). How about if the inappropriate orders were delivered with less force? The increasing interdependence between nurses and physicians compelled Hofling and his colleagues to explore nurses’ reactions to a potentially harmful medical request made by the perceived authority figure, the doctor (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966). In this situation,...

Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

Confirmation Biases

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Published on: February 10, 2016

Nonresponse Bias Confounds Self-Reported Mistreatment by Diverse Physician Associate Students.

Marcia Bouton^1,2,3,4,5, Charlotte Bolch^1,2,3,4,5, Nicholas Hudak^1,2,3,4,5

¹Marcia Bouton, DMSc, MHPE, PA-C, DFAAPA, is an assistant professor in the PA program at Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona.

The Journal of Physician Assistant Education : the Official Journal of the Physician Assistant Education Association

|May 23, 2025

Summary

Sociodemographic factors inadequately predict physician assistant (PA) student mistreatment. However, these factors influenced willingness to report mistreatment, suggesting survey improvements are needed for accurate data collection.

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Area of Science:

Medical Education
Health Professions Education
Physician Assistant Studies

Background:

Investigating sociodemographic predictors of mistreatment among physician assistant (PA) students.
Assessing the distribution of sociodemographic features among respondents who answered mistreatment items.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate if sociodemographic factors predict mistreatment risk in PA students.
To determine if sociodemographic characteristics are evenly distributed among respondents completing mistreatment surveys.

Main Methods:

Analysis of PA Education Association End of Program Surveys (2018, 2019, 2021, 2022).
Logistic regression used to calculate odds ratios for mistreatment experience and completion of mistreatment items.
Independent variables included gender, race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.

Main Results:

11,461 respondents; 28.1% experienced mistreatment, 28.4% did not answer mistreatment items.
Sociodemographic factors showed statistical significance for mistreatment risk, but the predictive model had poor fit (ROC 0.553).
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual respondents were more likely to complete mistreatment items; male, Hispanic, and non-White respondents were less likely.

Conclusions:

Evaluated sociodemographic factors were insufficient to predict PA student mistreatment.
Sociodemographic factors significantly influenced the willingness to complete mistreatment survey questions.
Further qualitative research is recommended to understand reluctance in reporting among certain demographic groups and to improve future survey designs.