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Torque

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...

Angle of Twist - Elastic Range

Angle of Twist - Elastic Range

Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the...

Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

In analyzing a thin-walled hollow shaft subjected to torsional loading, a segment with width dx is isolated for examination. Despite its equilibrium state, this segment faces torsional shearing forces at its ends. These forces are quantitatively described by the product of the longitudinal shearing stress on the segment's minor surface and the area of this surface, leading to the concept of shear flow. This shear flow is consistent throughout the structure, indicating a uniform distribution...

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

In materials that exhibit elastic and plastic behavior, known as elastoplastic materials, residual stresses can accumulate when these materials experience plastic deformation. This deformation arises from either high levels of shearing stress or significant strains. Residual stresses are internal stresses that persist within a material after removing the external force causing deformation. This phenomenon is demonstrated when observing the behavior of a shaft under torque; notably, the...

Net Torque Calculations

Net Torque Calculations

When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Association between pitching velocity and elbow varus torque.

Scott Peters¹, Garrett S Bullock², Kristen F Nicholson²

¹Toronto Blue Jays Baseball Club, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy

|May 25, 2025

Summary

Improving pitching mechanics can enhance velocity and reduce elbow varus torque in baseball pitchers. Biomechanical analysis reveals key variables influencing this, but prediction models need further development for injury reduction.

Keywords:

Biomechanics Elbow Injury Pitching Pitching efficiency

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

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Area of Science:

Sports Biomechanics
Baseball Pitching Analysis
Injury Prevention

Background:

Increasing biomechanical studies in baseball highlight a conflict between performance enhancement and injury reduction.
Elbow varus torque is a critical factor in pitching-related injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

Identify key biomechanical variables influencing elbow varus torque, controlling for pitch velocity.
Evaluate a minimal dataset prediction model for elbow varus torque.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 298 baseball pitchers undergoing biomechanical evaluation.
Analysis of covariance and prediction modeling were used to assess relationships between variables and elbow varus torque.

Main Results:

Small associations were found between hip shoulder separation, trunk rotation velocity, trunk flexion, and shoulder abduction with elbow varus torque.
The minimal data set prediction model demonstrated poor performance, calibration, and high error (RMSE=1.15, R²=0.10).

Conclusions:

Optimizing pitching efficiency through minor adjustments in delivery can improve velocity while potentially lowering varus torque.
Further research is needed to develop accurate predictive models for injury prevention in baseball pitchers.