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Recent Progress in Azobenzene-Based In Vivo Photopharmacology.

Xin Zhou¹, Lupei Du¹, Minyong Li^1,2

¹Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.

Medicinal Research Reviews

|May 27, 2025

Summary

Azobenzene photoswitches precisely control biological processes and show promise for retinal restoration and deep tissue targeting in photopharmacology. This review details their design, in vivo applications, and future challenges.

Keywords:

azobenzene photoswitch photopharmacology photoprodrug

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Area of Science:

Photopharmacology
Molecular Engineering
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Azobenzene photoswitches are key tools for photoregulation in various animal models.
They offer clinical potential for retinal restoration and deep tissue targeting via optical flow control.
Photopharmacology enables precision medicine due to its high spatial and temporal resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To review azobenzene photoswitch design strategies for in vivo applications.
To summarize experimental outcomes of azobenzene photoswitches in vivo since 2006.
To discuss challenges and solutions for in vivo photopharmacology.

Main Methods:

Review of fundamental properties and design strategies of azobenzene photoswitch molecules.
Comprehensive summary of in vivo applications across multiple species (C. elegans, Xenopus, zebrafish, mice, rats, rabbits, canines).
Analysis of challenges and proposed solutions for in vivo implementation.

Main Results:

Azobenzene photoswitches have been successfully applied in vivo across diverse species.
Integration with optical flow control enhances deep tissue targeting capabilities.
Long-term therapeutic effects are achievable without gene expression or implants.

Conclusions:

Azobenzene photoswitches are versatile tools for precise biological control in vivo.
Further development is needed to overcome challenges in their in vivo application.
Photopharmacology holds significant potential for advancing precision medicine.