Harnessing the Potential of Pheophorbides in Photodynamic Therapy: Natural Origins, Semi-Synthetic Advances, and...

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a distinctive cancer treatment strategy that provides high specificity and minimal systemic toxicity. It involves the use of photosensitizers (PSs), which are activated by light to induce localized cell death through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage. First-generation PSs, such as hematoporphyrin derivatives, demonstrated limited efficacy. Second-generation PSs, including both porphyrin-based and non-porphyrin-based compounds, have overcome some of these limitations but continue to face challenges such as poor water solubility and limited specificity. Naturally derived chlorin-based molecules referred to as pheophorbides and their semi-synthetic analogs hold significant potential as a PS for PDT. This review examines the physicochemical properties, structural diversity, and structure-activity relationships of pheophorbides derived from plant, marine, and microbial sources. It also highlights their distinctive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals, which could be useful in the identification of new pheophorbides. Focusing on future directions, the report emphasizes the potential of bacteriopheophorbides to address current limitations in PDT, offering innovative, nature-inspired approaches to cancer treatment.