Mini-review: Insight of bacteriophage therapy in clinical practice

The emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms requires implementing alternative therapy rather than antibiotics. Phage therapy is a fantastic substitute for antibiotics. Compared to antibiotics, phage therapy has many benefits, such as high specificity for the target bacteria, auto-dosing, biofilm penetration, and a decreased likelihood of resistance development. Regulatory issues, manufacturing barriers, the possibility of phage resistance, and interactions with the human immune system are only a few of the major obstacles that still exist. Various phage-derived enzymes and bioengineered phages may increase the therapeutic potential to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. This mini-review is compiled from research on phage mechanisms in mammalian immune systems, therapeutic uses, regulatory issues, and phage engineering advancements. Thus, it offers a hopeful future in phage therapy by offering a thorough overview of the therapeutic potentiality of phage and the global aspects of phage therapy. In conclusion, phages are expected to become an alternative treatment for antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria for medical purposes.