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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the body's internal structures. It is a non-invasive and safe procedure that does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, making it widely used in various medical fields. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography
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Updates in pediatric upper extremity imaging.

Lauren E Dittman1, Anika Dutta2, Francis Baffour2

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America
|May 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Minimizing radiation exposure in pediatric upper extremity imaging is key. Studies show reduced or eliminated radiographs after certain fracture treatments and infections improve safety without altering care.

Keywords:
FluoroscopyForearmImagingRadiographsUltrasoundUpper extremity

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Pediatric Radiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Ionizing radiation poses risks to patients and providers.
  • Optimizing imaging in pediatric orthopaedics is essential for safety.
  • Current literature provides updated guidance on radiation reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive update on minimizing radiation exposure in pediatric upper extremity imaging.
  • To improve patient and provider safety.
  • To guide future research in safer diagnostic imaging techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent orthopaedic surgery and radiology literature.
  • Focus on pediatric upper extremity imaging modalities and protocols.
  • Analysis of recommendations for radiographs, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT, and MRI.

Main Results:

  • Fluoroscopy can replace post-reduction radiographs for forearm fractures.
  • Postoperative radiographs are often unnecessary for humerus fractures and pin removal.
  • Follow-up radiographs for musculoskeletal infections are only needed if clinically indicated.
  • Expanding applications of ultrasound, CT, and MRI offer reduced radiation or improved safety.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence supports reducing routine radiographic imaging in pediatric upper extremity care.
  • Advanced imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI are increasingly valuable.
  • Continued research is vital for developing safer diagnostic tests for children.