A minireview of four-dimensional CT and joint biomechanics

Since its introduction, four dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) has improved the precision of a variety of diagnostic challenges such as radiation therapy in oncology and has also been expanded into cardiovascular assessments as well. Its use in musculoskeletal imaging marks a breakthrough in peripheral joint imaging, enabling detailed analysis of joint biomechanics and stability across various joints such as the knee, wrist, shoulder, and ankle. Studies employing 4D CT have offered new insights into normative and altered joint biomechanics, contributing to the diagnosis of joint pathologies and aiding in surgical planning. Looking ahead, artificial intelligence and photon-counting CT systems are poised to further refine 4D CT's capabilities, potentially leading to personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on individualized biomechanical characteristics. This review delves into the transformative role of four-dimensional computed tomography in musculoskeletal imaging, particularly its applications in understanding joint biomechanics.