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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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Modulated D-Electron Transfer in Hypervalent Cobalt-Based Electrocatalyst for Efficient 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

Yuhui Huang1, Yehan Tao1, Zhenghao Jia2

  • 1Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, Department of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A novel copper-integrated cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) electrocatalyst enables efficient 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) electrooxidation to valuable chemicals. This catalyst achieves high conversion and yield at low potentials, advancing green chemistry and biorefinery applications.

Keywords:
5‐HMFCo‐based electrocatalystd‐electronelectrooxidation

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) electrooxidation is key for biomass valorization.
  • Current catalysts face limitations due to preferential adsorption of functional groups, hindering efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel electrocatalyst for synchronized adsorption of 5-HMF functional groups.
  • To enhance the efficiency and energy economy of 5-HMF electrooxidation.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical synthesis of copper-incorporated CoOOH electrocatalyst.
  • Operando Raman characterization and theoretical calculations to study catalyst-5-HMF interactions.
  • Testing catalyst performance in 5-HMF electrooxidation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 100% 5-HMF conversion and 100% furan dicarboxylic acid yield at 1.36 VRHE.
  • Demonstrated 96.8% Faraday efficiency and good stability and repeatability.
  • Cu incorporation reduced bandgap and optimized morphology, enabling dual-group adsorption.

Conclusions:

  • The Cu-integrated CoOOH catalyst offers a versatile and energy-efficient strategy for biorefineries.
  • This advancement supports integration with green hydrogen production and promotes renewable energy and green chemistry.