New ionizable lipids for non-viral mRNA delivery with secondary amine cyclic ether head groups

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most widely used non-viral delivery approach for messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Among the different components in an LNP, the ionizable lipid plays critical roles in interacting with the mRNA cargo and facilitating delivery to the cytosol, as well as influencing the LNP's tissue tropism via the protein corona. To date the most successful ionizable lipids have relied on a tertiary amine head group as the site of protonation. We hypothesized that potent ionizable lipids based on a secondary amine could be discovered using a design, make, test and analyze (DMTA) cycle approach. Starting from a lead lipid with a secondary amine cyclic ether head group, we optimized delivery efficiency by systematically modifying the lipid linker length, tail symmetry, tail branching pattern, and head group structure. The mRNA-LNPs formulated with these lipids were evaluated in vivo by quantifying liver protein expression. Using this rational lipid design strategy, we identified many candidates that outperformed the benchmark lipid (MC3), supporting the further development of this ionizable lipid class. Notably, several structure activity relationships (SARs) that highlight how sensitive ionizable lipid activity is to relatively minor structural changes are reported.