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An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation

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A host-guest approach to ratiometric pH sensing using upconversion nanoparticles.

Ivo Rosenbusch¹, Marylyn Setsuko Arai², Fabio Rizzo^1,3

¹Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster Busso-Peus-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany b.j.ravoo@uni-muenster.de fabio.rizzo@unimi.it.

Nanoscale Advances

|May 29, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a novel nanoplatform for ratiometric pH sensing using co-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). The sensor offers a stable and reusable method for detecting pH changes in solution.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) offer unique optical properties for sensing applications.
pH-responsive dyes are crucial for developing accurate and selective biosensors.
Host-guest interactions can be utilized to create stable and functionalized nanomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a stable, water-dispersible, ratiometric pH sensor.
To utilize Tm3+/Yb3+ co-doped UCNPs functionalized with beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and a pH-responsive dye (NBD-Ad).
To leverage inner filter effect (IFE) for pH-dependent signal modulation.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of Tm3+/Yb3+ co-doped UCNPs.
Functionalization of UCNPs with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
Conjugation of adamantane (Ad) to a pH-responsive nitrobenzoxadiazole dye (NBD-Ad).
Utilizing host-guest interactions between β-CD and Ad for sensor assembly.
Ratiometric detection based on UV/blue emission quenching and stable red emission.

Main Results:

The nanoplatform demonstrated a ratiometric response (blue/red emission) over a pH range of 8.0-11.0.
High reproducibility and selectivity were observed, even with interferents.
The sensor exhibited excellent reusability.
Inner filter effect (IFE) was confirmed as the mechanism for pH-dependent quenching.

Conclusions:

The developed nanoplatform is a promising tool for ratiometric pH sensing.
The sensor design offers stability, reusability, and high sensitivity.
This approach provides a foundation for advanced optical sensing technologies.