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Upstream Processing

Upstream Processing

Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

Production of Biopesticides

Production of Biopesticides

Biopesticides offer a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, utilizing microbial agents to control agricultural pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely employed bacterium known for its potent insecticidal activity. Bt biopesticides are favored for their specificity to insect pests, minimal environmental impact, and natural degradability.Mechanism of Bt Toxin Action Bt produces insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins during its sporulation phase. These proteins form parasporal...

Bioplastics

Bioplastics

Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under...

Bioreactor Controls-III

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Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...

Production of Antibiotics

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Penicillin, one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics, is produced industrially by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Large stirred-tank bioreactors ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of liters maintain tightly controlled temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions to support fungal metabolism and maximize antibiotic yield. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite, synthesized primarily during the stationary growth phase, which requires a carefully managed...

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Interview: Bioreactors and Surfaced-Modified 3D-Scaffolds for Stem Cell Research

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Biomanufacturing in Switzerland - Past, Present, and Future.

Michael Altorfer¹, Jan M Lucht², Hans-Peter Meyer³

¹Swiss Biotech Association. altorfer@swissbiotech.org.

|May 29, 2025

Summary

Switzerland

Keywords:

Biologics Biomanufacturing Biotechnology Fermentation

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Industrial Chemistry

Background:

The Swiss economy transformed from rural destitution to industrial prosperity.
Early industrialization in the 18th century was driven by chemical advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

To trace the development of the Swiss biotechnology sector.
To highlight biotechnology's crucial role in Switzerland's economic success.

Main Methods:

Historical analysis of the Swiss biotechnology sector.
Examination of key milestones, starting from Vitamin C production.

Main Results:

Biotechnology in Switzerland originated in the 1930s with biocatalysis for Vitamin C.
The sector has evolved into a multifaceted contributor to the Swiss economy.

Conclusions:

Biotechnology is a vital component of modern Swiss industry.
Sustaining future success requires strategic development of the biotechnology sector.