Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 19, 2025

In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published on: February 25, 2022
3- and 4-Dimensional Flow CMR in D-Transposition of the Great Arteries After Atrial Switch Operation
Sara Santiaguel1, Laura Schoeneberg2, Ugonna Nwankwo1
1Division of Cardiology, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
Abstract:
A 19-year-old man with D-transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary stenosis underwent atrial switch operation and pulmonary valvotomy in infancy. He was lost to follow-up and presented with multiple respiratory infections. An echocardiogram was inconclusive due to poor windows. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed using ferumoxytol 3-dimensional whole heart and 4-dimensional flow pulse sequences, which demonstrated this patient's complex anatomy and physiology. CMR revealed severe pulmonary venous baffle obstruction. A 3-dimensional printed model was created from the CMR and provided key information for planning the complex catheterization approach required to stent the pulmonary venous baffle.

