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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

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Hypertension and diabetes on cognitive impairment: a case-control study in China

Jing Wu1,2, Xiangjun Yin3, Weiqiang Ji4

  • 1National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China. wujing@chinacdc.cn.

Alzheimer'S Research & Therapy
|May 30, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Elderly individuals with both hypertension and diabetes face a significantly higher risk of cognitive impairment, including dementia. This combined condition, hypertension and diabetes (HD), shows a cumulative negative impact on cognitive health over time.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Public Health
  • Neuroscience and Neurology
  • Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment, hypertension, and diabetes are common in older adults.
  • Hypertension and diabetes are known risk factors for cognitive decline.
  • The cumulative impact of combined hypertension and diabetes (HD) on cognitive impairment is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of combined hypertension and diabetes (HD) on cognitive impairment development.
  • To determine if the effect of HD on cognitive impairment is cumulative.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study involving 13,252 individuals aged 60 and older from China.
  • Utilized propensity score matching to select participants.
  • Assessed the odds ratios (ORs) of hypertension, diabetes, and their comorbidity on cognitive impairment using multiple logistic regression.

Main Results:

  • Hypertension and diabetes comorbidity (HD) significantly increased the risk of dementia (OR=1.53) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (OR=1.27).
  • Individuals with only hypertension or diabetes also showed increased risks for dementia and MCI.
  • The duration of HD exceeding 5 years significantly amplified the impact on MCI and dementia, with risk increasing over time.

Conclusions:

  • Elderly individuals with combined hypertension and diabetes (HD) have a substantially elevated risk of cognitive impairment, especially dementia.
  • A significant cumulative effect of HD on cognitive impairment was observed, underscoring the importance of managing both conditions.
Abstract

Keywords:
Case–control studyCognitive impairmentDiabetesElderlyHypertension

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