Representation of Facial Differences in Animated Films

Area of Science:

• Medical research
• Media studies
• Sociology

Background:

• Facial differences are common and can impact social interactions.
• Media, particularly animated films, plays a significant role in shaping perceptions, especially in children.
• Previous research suggests underrepresentation and negative stereotyping of marginalized groups in media.

Purpose of the Study:

• To assess the prevalence of characters with facial differences in animated films.
• To analyze the narrative roles and characteristics of these characters.
• To understand the potential impact of these portrayals on social stigma.

Main Methods:

• Systematic analysis of 500 prominent characters from the top 50 highest-grossing animated films (1994-2023).
• Evaluation of visible facial differences using a modified González-Ulloa facial subunit schema.
• Analysis of narrative roles (protagonist/antagonist), causes of differences, and on-screen references.

Main Results:

• Only 1.8% of characters had visible facial differences, with none as protagonists and 44.4% as antagonists.
• Most differences were acquired (77.8%) through violence (71.4%), predominantly affecting male (77.8%) and nonhuman (88.9%) characters.
• Characters with extensive facial differences were often antagonists (80%), died on screen (50%), and rarely had positive references (1 character).

Conclusions:

• Animated films underrepresent and negatively portray characters with facial differences, perpetuating stigma.
• The lack of positive representation and frequent association with villainy can reinforce harmful stereotypes.
• Promoting inclusive media representation is crucial for fostering empathy and acceptance among young audiences.