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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
620
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

297
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
297
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
291
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

963
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

205
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
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Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

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Status non-epilepticus.

Ronen Spierer1, Moshe Herskovitz1,2

  • 1Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Epileptic Disorders : International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape
|June 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are often misdiagnosed as status epilepticus (SE). If seizures persist despite benzodiazepine (BZD) and anti-seizure medication (ASM) treatment, consider PNES as a diagnosis.

Keywords:
functional statusmisdiagnosispsychogenic non‐epileptic seizures (PNES)status epilepticusstatus non‐epilepticus

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Status non-epilepticus (SE) involves prolonged seizures, often confused with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES).
  • Misdiagnosis of convulsive SE in PNES patients can lead to inappropriate and ineffective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the misdiagnosis of convulsive SE in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.
  • To analyze the clinical presentation and treatment response in these misdiagnosed cases.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 13 events involving 8 patients initially diagnosed with convulsive SE.
  • Evaluation of clinical presentation, treatment administered, and patient response to treatment.

Main Results:

  • Patients were primarily treated with benzodiazepines (BZD) and anti-seizure medications (ASM).
  • This treatment was largely ineffective, resulting in tracheal intubation for eight patients.
  • Poor response to BZD and ASM suggests a potential misdiagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Consider psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) in the differential diagnosis when convulsive events do not resolve with benzodiazepines (BZD) and anti-seizure medications (ASM).
  • The ineffectiveness of standard SE treatments warrants further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of PNES.