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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

5.8K
The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia
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Unlocking Hydrogel-Based Desalination with Ammonia Gas Dewatering.

Jingyuan Fei1, Weiliang Sun2, Hongna Li3

  • 1Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

Environmental Science & Technology
|June 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new method uses ammonia gas to efficiently remove water from hydrogels, offering a sustainable solution for desalination. This approach achieves high water production rates and salt rejection, overcoming limitations of traditional methods.

Keywords:
ammoniadesalinationhydrogelsmechanismstability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Global water scarcity necessitates energy-efficient desalination technologies.
  • Hydrogel-based desalination shows promise but faces challenges with conventional dewatering methods.
  • Existing dewatering techniques often lack efficiency and long-term stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel and efficient dewatering method for hydrogels.
  • To investigate the use of ammonia gas for hydrogel dewatering.
  • To assess the performance and stability of ammonia-driven hydrogel dewatering for desalination.

Main Methods:

  • Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogels were synthesized.
  • Ammonia gas was employed as a stimulus for hydrogel dewatering.
  • Water production rates and salt rejection were measured using synthetic and real seawater.
  • The stability of the dewatering process was evaluated over multiple cycles.

Main Results:

  • Significantly high dewatering rates up to 110 gH2O/ghydrogel/h were achieved.
  • Water production rates ranged from 600 to 1140 L/kg/day.
  • An average salt rejection of approximately 60% was observed for both synthetic and real seawater.
  • The process demonstrated excellent stability over 100 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Ammonia gas-induced dewatering is a highly efficient and stable method for hydrogel-based desalination.
  • This technology offers a sustainable and cost-effective approach for producing freshwater.
  • Potential applications include brackish water treatment and enhancing reverse osmosis systems.