Cutaneous manifestations of primary immune deficiencies

Primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) can present with a wide range of clinical findings. This review aims to evaluate PIDs in which cutaneous findings are common.

English literature regarding cutaneous manifestations of primary immunodeficiencies was reviewed using PubMed between January 2005 and March 2023.

Cutaneous findings in PIDs can be broadly classified into two main groups: infectious and non-infectious. The most prevalent skin finding in PIDs is cutaneous infections (bacterial, fungal, and viral), and these infections often manifest as early-onset, recurrent, treatment-resistant, or atypical cases. Eczema is being the most frequent among non-infectious findings. Cutaneous manifestations, such as erythroderma, telangiectasia, granulomatous dermatitis, and autoimmune symptoms like alopecia and vitiligo can also occur.

Cutaneous manifestations in PIDs can assist clinicians in making early diagnoses, enabling patients to receive appropriate therapy promptly.