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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

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Differentiating Aggressive from Nonaggressive Prostate Cancer Using Unconjugated Contrast Agents.

Bhawna Saini1,2, Aayushi Laliwala3, Rishika Singh1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

ICG-loaded nanobubbles selectively target aggressive prostate cancer cells, offering a promising tool for differentiating cancer aggressiveness. This multimodal contrast agent shows potential for improved cancer theranostics.

Keywords:
aggressive cancercancer metastasiscontrast-enhance agentsmolecular imagingnanobubblesprostate cancertheragnostic

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Nanotechnology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Prostate cancer assessment requires accurate tumor aggressiveness evaluation for treatment decisions.
  • Multimodal imaging combining optical, ultrasound, and photoacoustic methods is gaining clinical interest.
  • Developing effective contrast agents is crucial for advanced cancer detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular uptake of indocyanine green (ICG), ICG-loaded nanobubbles (ICG-NBs), and ICG-loaded microbubbles (ICG-MBs) in prostate cancer cell lines.
  • To determine if these agents can differentiate cancer cell aggressiveness based on uptake.
  • To identify the cellular internalization pathways for ICG-NBs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic investigation of cellular uptake across prostate cancer cell lines with varying aggressiveness (PC-3M > PC-3 > DU-145 > LNCaP).
  • Concentration- and time-dependent assays for ICG, ICG-NBs, and ICG-MBs.
  • Validation in breast, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer cells.
  • Mechanistic studies to identify internalization pathways.

Main Results:

  • ICG-NBs showed significantly higher uptake (5-fold) in highly metastatic PC-3M cells compared to less aggressive lines after 1 hour.
  • ICG-MBs had minimal uptake, detectable only after 12 hours in aggressive cell lines.
  • Free ICG showed negligible uptake initially but increased over time in all cell lines.
  • ICG-NB uptake correlated positively with cancer cell metastatic potential across different cancer types.
  • Macropinocytosis was identified as the primary uptake pathway for ICG-NBs.

Conclusions:

  • Unconjugated ICG-NBs can selectively differentiate aggressive from indolent cancer phenotypes.
  • ICG-NBs demonstrate potential as a multimodal contrast agent for cancer theranostics.
  • The differential uptake highlights the utility of ICG-NBs in guiding personalized cancer treatment strategies.