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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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Charge engineering controls cooperative assembly and loading in protein host-guest complexes.

Zhiheng Wang1, Dai-Bei Yang1, Joshua A Bulos1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA. ivandmo@sas.upenn.edu.

Journal of Materials Chemistry. B
|June 5, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists engineered supercharged green fluorescent protein (GFP) cargo for controlled loading into ferritin protein capsules. This breakthrough enables precise control over protein self-assembly and cargo encapsulation for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Protein engineering
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Controlling cargo loading in self-assembling protein capsules is a significant challenge.
  • Nature utilizes host-guest recognition for efficient molecular encapsulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer supercharged green fluorescent protein (GFP) cargo for controlled encapsulation by Archaeoglobus fulgidus ferritin.
  • To establish a strategy for generating homogeneous protein host-guest complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Computational protein design and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
  • Engineering supercharged green fluorescent protein (GFP) cargo.
  • Cooperative assembly experiments with Archaeoglobus fulgidus ferritin.
  • Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy for complex confirmation.

Main Results:

  • GFP charge magnitude and distribution were identified as key factors controlling ferritin capsule assembly and loading efficiency.
  • The first example of cooperative assembly with a ferritin capsule was demonstrated.
  • A strategy for generating stoichiometric 1:1 protein host-guest complexes was successfully established.

Conclusions:

  • Protein charge engineering is a viable strategy for controlling self-assembling protein capsule formation and cargo loading.
  • This work provides a blueprint for designing functional ferritin host-guest complexes with enhanced homogeneity.