A comprehensive guide to high-fidelity 3D neuroanatomical modeling techniques: A quantitative comparison between...

Cadaveric dissections, which are considered the most realistic model to study neuroanatomy, are expensive and not readily available in all centers. Given the surge of technological advances, incorporation of three-dimensional (3D) scanning technologies and 3D models has gained popularity, both in the educational and clinical settings. We present our institutional experience in creating high-fidelity neuroanatomical 3D models using three 3D scanning techniques: structured light 3D scanning, "manual" photogrammetry with a single DSLR camera, and "automatic" photogrammetry using a scanner equipped with five vertically arranged DSLR cameras and an automatic turntable within a square box. A survey study was conducted with 20 neurosurgical residents to assess the quality of the three resulting 3D models. In the study, "manual" photogrammetry was determined to be the most cost-effective technique, while "automatic" photogrammetry was the most time-effective and user-friendly technique. The best visual quality was obtained using "manual" photogrammetry, as determined from survey results of 20 neurosurgical residents. While structured light 3D scanning had the lowest quality of resolution of the texture map, this technique was the most accurate to use for determining measurements, with a fixed accuracy of 0.05 mm. Overall, "manual" photogrammetry can allow for the most detailed 3D models and is the most cost-effective strategy, while structured light 3D scanning is most suitable for obtaining clinically relevant measurements given the high degree of structural accuracy. Alternatively, "automatic" photogrammetry can serve as a hybrid between obtaining relatively high-quality models in a time-effective and user-friendly manner.