Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Impact on Children

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a seasonally recurring form of allergic conjunctivitis that leads to bilateral inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. Symptoms may include itching, foreign body sensation, discharge, and conjunctival hyperemia. Severe cases may result in corneal complications including erosions, shield ulcers, plaques, microbial keratitis, corneal scarring, limbal stem cell deficiency, and keratoconus. Epidemiological data reveal that it mainly affects children and young adults, with male predominance and a higher prevalence in warmer climates. The etiology is multifactorial, involving triggers from environmental allergens. Both type I and type IV hypersensitivity reactions have been implicated. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis may significantly impact visual acuity and quality of life, especially in school-aged children. Management strategies include allergen avoidance, topical treatments, and immunomodulators. Despite therapeutic advances, VKC remains a significant cause of morbidity, highlighting the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment to mitigate long-term impacts on vision and quality of life.