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Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Amides to Amines: LiAlH₄ Reduction

Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.

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Relay-Enhanced Electron Transfer in Triple-Layer Ru@Ir@Pt Core-Shell Nanoparticles for the Ammonia Oxidation

Chenchen Wang¹, Jingtao Li², Yuan Yuan¹

¹School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P.R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|June 6, 2025

Summary

A novel Ru@Ir@Pt catalyst enhances ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) for hydrogen storage. This design uses a built-in electric field to reduce nitrogen species adsorption, boosting AOR activity significantly.

Keywords:

Ammonia oxidation reaction Relay‐enhanced electron transfer Triple‐layer core–shell

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Published on: April 10, 2019

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Catalysis

Background:

Ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) is crucial for utilizing ammonia (NH3) as a hydrogen carrier.
Platinum (Pt)-based catalysts suffer from reduced activity due to strong nitrogen (N) species adsorption during AOR.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a catalyst that overcomes the limitations of Pt-based catalysts in AOR.
To investigate the effect of a triple-layer core-shell structure and built-in electric field (BEF) on AOR activity.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a triple-layer core-shell Ru@Ir@Pt model catalyst.
Utilized in situ Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to study reaction pathways.
Employed experimental and theoretical simulations to analyze electron transfer mechanisms.

Main Results:

The Ru@Ir@Pt catalyst demonstrated enhanced AOR activity via a relay electron transfer strategy.
A built-in electric field (BEF) was induced, decelerating N species adsorption and facilitating charge transfer.
Achieved a mass activity of 363.5 A g⁻¹, 5.24 times higher than 20% Pt/C.

Conclusions:

The relay electron transfer strategy, driven by BEF, effectively mitigates N species poisoning.
The study confirms the N2H4 pathway of the G-M mechanism for AOR on this catalyst.
Presents a novel material design for high-performance ammonia oxidation electrocatalysts.