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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
Published on: June 11, 2012
Daily Carbohydrate Entries and Glycemic Outcomes Following Automated Insulin Delivery System Initiation in Youth With
Bruno Bombaci1, Tim Hropot2,3, Natasa Bratina2,3
1Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Objective:
To assess the association between daily carbohydrate (CHO) entries and glycemic outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes after automated insulin delivery (AID) initiation in real-life settings.
Research Design And Methods:
In this longitudinal, multinational observational study, 347 young individuals (7-21 years old) with type 1 diabetes for >1 year were followed for >6 months after AID initiation. Clinical data, including daily and overall continuous glucose monitoring-based time in range (TIR) (70-180 mg/dL), time in tight range (TITR) (70-140 mg/dL), and CHO entry metrics, were evaluated.
Results:
Day-to-day variability in CHO entries was negatively associated with overall TIR (P < 0.001) and TITR (P < 0.001). Higher deviation in daily CHO entry was associated with lower daily TITR and TIR (both P < 0.001). Overall TIR and TITR after AID initiation were 75.0% and 50.3%, respectively.
Conclusions:
Variability in CHO entries is associated with lower TIR, emphasizing the importance of consistent premeal bolus routine when using AID.
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