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Updated: Sep 19, 2025
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Published on: January 17, 2013
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Risk optimization during ongoing movement: insights from movement and gaze behavior in throwing.
Stephan Zahno1, Damian Beck1, Ralf Kredel1
1Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Journal of Neurophysiology
|June 6, 2025
Summary
Humans adjust movements to avoid penalties, optimizing risk assessment during action, not just before. This complex sensorimotor behavior extends findings from simple tasks to dynamic execution.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Cognitive Science
- Motor Control
Background:
- Sensorimotor behavior requires handling motor noise and risk.
- Previous studies focused on simple finger-pointing tasks.
- Generalization to complex movements remained unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- Investigate sensorimotor behavior under risk in a complex virtual reality throwing task.
- Determine if risk assessment is pre-planned or optimized during movement.
- Examine the influence of penalty magnitude and proximity on movement planning.
Main Methods:
- Participants performed a virtual reality throwing task with targets overlapping penalties.
- Manipulated penalty magnitude and distance between target and penalty zones.
- Measured final gaze fixation (aiming point) and ball impact location.
- Analyzed movement trajectories.
Main Results:
- In penalty conditions, gaze fixations and impacts shifted away from penalties.
- Larger penalties and smaller distances induced greater shifts.
- Impact locations shifted more and were closer to optimal than aim points.
- Risk aversion increased during movement execution.
Conclusions:
- Risk evaluation in complex sensorimotor tasks is not solely pre-movement.
- Optimization of risk occurs dynamically during movement execution.
- The motor system continuously refines action choices for higher expected rewards.
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