Mast cells in autoimmune disease: Unveiling their multifaceted roles and therapeutic potential

Mast cells play a crucial role in developing autoimmune diseases by influencing immune responses, contributing to inflammation, and disrupting immune tolerance. This review examines the involvement of mast cells in various autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The mechanisms through which mast cells mediate immune dysregulation are explored, focusing on their release of cytokines, role in antigen presentation, and interactions with other immune cells. Additionally, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting mast cells, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and inhibitors of signaling pathways, as potential approaches to modifying disease progression. Although the exact triggers and activation mechanisms of mast cells in autoimmunity are not yet fully understood, there is growing evidence suggesting that they may serve as valuable therapeutic targets. Further research is needed to refine therapies that focus on mast cells, enhance non-invasive detection methods, and optimize treatment strategies. Understanding the complex role of mast cells in autoimmune diseases could lead to innovative interventions aimed at reducing disease severity and improving patient outcomes.