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Related Concept Videos

Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes A. aegypti and Infection Phenotype Determination
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Genetics of dengue epidemics.

Allyson N X Choi1, Duane J Gubler1, Eng Eong Ooi2

  • 1Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.

Trends in Microbiology
|June 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Genetic changes in dengue viruses (DENVs) significantly influence epidemic emergence. Understanding these genetic factors, beyond the envelope gene, is crucial for developing early warning systems for dengue outbreaks.

Keywords:
dengueepidemicsepidemiologyevolutiongeneticsmutations

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Dengue is a significant mosquito-borne viral disease in tropical regions, causing cyclical epidemics that strain healthcare systems.
  • While low population immunity is often blamed for epidemics, the role of dengue virus (DENV) genetics in epidemic emergence is understudied.
  • Not all DENV introductions lead to epidemics, suggesting other factors like viral genetics play a role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how genetic changes affect DENV fitness.
  • To link specific genetic alterations to epidemic emergence.
  • To highlight the importance of nonstructural genes and untranslated regions in DENV evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on genetic changes in DENV.
  • Analysis of genetic traits linked to experimentally defined biological functions.
  • Examination of genetic changes in nonstructural genes and untranslated regions.

Main Results:

  • Genetic changes, particularly in nonstructural genes and untranslated regions, significantly impact DENV fitness and epidemic potential.
  • Many genetic traits contributing to past epidemics may have been missed by solely sequencing the envelope (E) gene.
  • Specific genetic changes have been linked to the emergence of particular dengue epidemics.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach to studying DENV genetics is needed to understand epidemic dynamics.
  • Focusing beyond the E gene is essential for a comprehensive understanding of DENV evolution.
  • Understanding DENV genetics can form the basis for developing early warning systems for dengue epidemics.