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Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Rh Blood Group

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
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HIV and Pregnancy: Navigating Complex Decision Making and Preventing Perinatal Transmission.

William R Short1, Elizabeth D Lowenthal2,3,4, Florence Momplaisir5,6

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3801 Filbert St, Suite 103B, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. William.short@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.

Current HIV/AIDS Reports
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Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy significantly reduces HIV transmission to infants. Updated guidelines emphasize shared decision-making and support for birthing people with HIV.

Keywords:
Antiretroviral therapyHIVPregnancyTeratogenicity

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Pregnancy in individuals with HIV presents unique challenges for maternal and fetal health.
  • Preventing perinatal HIV transmission is a critical public health goal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intersection of pregnancy and HIV in the US.
  • To examine health outcomes for birthing persons and fetuses.
  • To detail advancements in HIV treatment and care during pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current guidelines and research.
  • Analysis of strategies for preventing perinatal HIV transmission.
  • Examination of challenges and future directions in HIV management during pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy has dramatically reduced perinatal HIV transmission.
  • Updated guidelines focus on patient-centered counseling for shared decision-making regarding infant feeding.
  • Adherence support and counseling are crucial throughout pregnancy and postpartum.

Conclusions:

  • ART is highly effective in preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission.
  • Continued research and collaborative efforts are essential to overcome remaining challenges.
  • Prioritizing maternal and infant health improves long-term outcomes for families affected by HIV.