Clinical challenges, controversies, and regional strategies in snakebite care in India

Snakebite envenomation remains a significant public health issue, particularly in southeast Asia, where diverse venomous snake species and resource-limited healthcare settings complicate effective management. This Health Policy employed thematic analysis of a panel discussion involving multidisciplinary experts with over 300 years of combined experience. Four key themes were identified: (i) the evolution of snakebite treatment paradigms, (ii) clinical and procedural challenges, (iii) debates over controversial practices, and (iv) the role of policy and research in improving outcomes. The findings emphasise the need for region-specific antivenoms, enhanced peripheral healthcare capabilities, and evidence-based treatment protocols. This work provides actionable insights to inform health policy, guide targeted training initiatives, and prioritise research on neglected areas in the management of snakebite.