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How low can you go? Tracking eye movements during reading at different sampling rates.

Bernhard Angele1, Zeynep Gunes Ozkan2, Marina Serrano-Carot1

  • 1Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, Calle de Asura, 90, 28043, Madrid, Spain.

Behavior Research Methods
|June 9, 2025
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Summary

Researchers can study cognitive processes during reading using affordable, lower-sampling-rate eye-tracking devices. This finding expands accessibility for studying reading behaviors and cognitive functions.

Keywords:
Eye movementsReadingSampling rateWord count

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Eye-tracking technology has significantly advanced reading research.
  • High-precision eye-trackers are costly, limiting research accessibility.
  • Lower-cost alternatives are needed to democratize reading research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of using lower sampling rate eye-trackers for cognitive reading research.
  • To determine if cognitive effects during reading are detectable with less expensive equipment.
  • To evaluate the impact of sampling rate on measuring reading-related cognitive processes.

Main Methods:

  • Eye movements of readers were recorded at various sampling rates (250–2000 Hz).
  • Simulations were performed to test even lower sampling rates (30–125 Hz).
  • The effect of word frequency on fixation duration was analyzed as a measure of cognitive processing.

Main Results:

  • The word frequency effect on fixation duration was successfully measured at sampling rates from 250 to 2000 Hz.
  • Simulations demonstrated that the word frequency effect is detectable even at very low sampling rates (30–125 Hz) with sufficient sample sizes.
  • Cognitive processing during reading can be reliably measured using lower sampling rate eye-tracking devices.

Conclusions:

  • Low sampling rates do not inherently prevent the study of cognitive processes during reading.
  • Affordable eye-tracking devices are viable tools for cognitive reading research.
  • This research broadens the accessibility of eye-tracking methodologies for studying reading.